We should all thank Christine O'Donnell for asking the innocent question – “That’s in the First Amendment?” – because it provides us an opportunity to review and discuss first principles in our constitutional democracy.

During a debate, which turned to the issue whether creationism should be taught in public schools, O'Donnell questioned her opponent’s assertion that the First Amendment calls for the separation of church and state.  "The First Amendment does?" O'Donnell asked.  "Let me just clarify: You're telling me that the separation of church and state is found in the First Amendment?"

Her opponent, Chris Coon, responded by quoting the First Amendment’s prohibition that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."  "That's in the First Amendment?" O'Donnell again asked. Yes. Yes, it is.  The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The First Amendment thus sets forth a dual guarantee of religious liberty through what’s known as the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.

Together, they operate to protect the religious liberty and freedom of conscience of all Americans. While the First Amendment does not explicitly refer to the separation of church and state, the framers designed the Establishment Clause, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, whose bill in the Virginia legislature later became the foundation for the First Amendment, to “erect a wall between church and state” –  a wall that “must be kept high and impregnable.”  The Supreme Court has long recognized Jefferson’s metaphor as the guiding principle for understanding the Establishment Clause. The Establishment Clause does not reflect hostility to religion.

To the contrary, “The place of religion in our society is an exalted one, achieved through a long tradition of reliance on the home, the church and the inviolable citadel of the individual heart and mind. We have come to recognize through bitter experience that it is not within the power of government to invade that citadel, whether its purpose or effect be to aid or oppose, to advance or retard. In the relationship between man and religion, the State is firmly committed to a position of neutrality.” Sch. Dist. of Abington Tp., Pa. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 226 (1963). In our democracy, then, government “must be neutral in matters of religious theory, doctrine, and practice. It may not be hostile to any religion or to the advocacy of no-religion; and it may not aid, foster, or promote one religion or religious theory against another or even against the militant opposite. The First Amendment mandates governmental neutrality between religion and nonreligion.”  Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 103-104 (1968). The framers prohibited government support or endorsement of religion out of a conviction that the best way to ensure religious freedom was to separate the church from the state so that government could not interfere with or suppress religious views and practices.  Religious conflict and persecution pervaded early America, even though most settlers fled England to escape religious intolerance. For example, the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a theocratic state in which Catholics, Quakers and others regarded as heretics were subject to the death penalty. The Catholics who founded Maryland persecuted Protestants and even some Catholics who professed their faith in what were deemed unconventional ways

Gradually, though, church-state separation came to be seen as the key to ending the destructive religious warfare and ensuring religious freedom for all. The framers, moreover, intended the Establishment Clause not only to protect members of minority faiths from government action that is contrary to their religious beliefs, but also to protect members of majority faiths from government action that supports their religious beliefs. Indeed, the record of the adoption of the Establishment Clause reflects a strong concern that government favoritism of a particular religious sect actually would harm that sect, not benefit it.

In commenting on that history, the Supreme Court repeatedly has stated that the Establishment Clause’s “first and most immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and religion tends to destroy government and to degrade religion. . . .” Engel v.Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 431-32 (1962) (citing James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments (1785)). We urge everyone to read the rule prohibiting the establishment of religion that is neatly stated in the words of the First Amendment. 

Earlier this month, Attorney General Jerry Brown filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against one of the largest carwash owners in California. The lawsuit is seeking $6.6 million dollars in penalties and unpaid wages for carwash workers employed at 8 carwashes throughout California.

Henry Huerta, Director of the CLEAN Carwash Campaign said, 'The CLEAN Carwash Campaign brought these violations to the attention of the Attorney General. We applaud the Attorney General for taking such strong action to right these injustices and recover monies owed to carwash workers and the state of California.'

The carwashes in the lawsuit include two LA County carwashes, Bonus Car Wash in Santa Monica and Marina Car Wash in Venice. Workers from these carwashes have reported bouncing paychecks, dangerous working conditions, and management harassment of workers. In 2008, forty Marina workers walked off the job and picketed in front of the carwash to protest their bouncing checks with support from the CLEAN Carwash Campaign.

Eduardo Tapia, a worker at Bonus Car Wash, said, 'For almost a year, the checks kept bouncing. We would take the checks to check cashing places but they bounced so frequently that they stopped cashing them and told us they could call the police on us because it was illegal.'

This Attorney General lawsuit is not the first legal action taken against the carwashes. In 2007, Bonus Car Wash paid $100,000 in back wages to 55 employees following an investigation by the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division. Investigators found that the employees, who worked as many as 10 hours in a day, did not receive correct overtime pay and sometimes earned less than the federal minimum wage.

Rogelio Herrera, a union supporter who was recently terminated from Marina Car Wash after the wash instituted a new speed-up policy, added, 'My coworkers and I would be told to clock out at 6pm but then would have to keep washing cars off the clock until the last one was out of the carwash.'

Workers indicate that the problems at the carwashes aren't limited to wage theft. With the help of the CLEAN Carwash Campaign and its community partners, Marco Vinicio and his coworkers filed a complaint detailing serious safety hazards at the carwash. As a result, Cal/OSHA issued Marina Car Wash $15,000 in citations in May of 2010. Two of the violations, including one for failing to provide eye protection for workers handling corrosive substances, were classified as 'serious' by Cal/OSHA, meaning they created a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm.

The conditions at Marina and Bonus Car Wash are all too common in the carwash industry. Carwash workers and their community allies, like ACLU of Southern California, have joined in a coalition to try and improve conditions in Los Angeles. To find out how you can support the carwash workers' struggle for justice in Santa Monica and in carwashes across Los Angeles, please contact Betsy Estudillo at the CLEAN Carwash Campaign at 213-422-7833 or email us. Be sure to visit our website for more information.

Earlier this month, Attorney General Jerry Brown filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against one of the largest carwash owners in California. The lawsuit is seeking $6.6 million dollars in penalties and unpaid wages for carwash workers employed at 8 carwashes throughout California.

Henry Huerta, Director of the CLEAN Carwash Campaign said, '''The CLEAN Carwash Campaign brought these violations to the attention of the Attorney General. We applaud the Attorney General for taking such strong action to right these injustices and recover monies owed to carwash workers and the state of California.'

The carwashes in the lawsuit include two LA County carwashes, Bonus Car Wash in Santa Monica and Marina Car Wash in Venice. Workers from these carwashes have reported bouncing paychecks, dangerous working conditions, and management harassment of workers. In 2008, forty Marina workers walked off the job and picketed in front of the carwash to protest their bouncing checks with support from the CLEAN Carwash Campaign.

Eduardo Tapia, a worker at Bonus Car Wash, said, '''For almost a year, the checks kept bouncing. We would take the checks to check cashing places but they bounced so frequently that they stopped cashing them and told us they could call the police on us because it was illegal.'

This Attorney General lawsuit is not the first legal action taken against the carwashes. In 2007, Bonus Car Wash paid $100,000 in back wages to 55 employees following an investigation by the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division. Investigators found that the employees, who worked as many as 10 hours in a day, did not receive correct overtime pay and sometimes earned less than the federal minimum wage.

Rogelio Herrera, a union supporter who was recently terminated from Marina Car Wash after the wash instituted a new speed-up policy, added, '''My coworkers and I would be told to clock out at 6pm but then would have to keep washing cars off the clock until the last one was out of the carwash.'

Workers indicate that the problems at the carwashes aren't limited to wage theft. With the help of the CLEAN Carwash Campaign and its community partners, Marco Vinicio and his coworkers filed a complaint detailing serious safety hazards at the carwash. As a result, Cal/OSHA issued Marina Car Wash $15,000 in citations in May of 2010. Two of the violations, including one for failing to provide eye protection for workers handling corrosive substances, were classified as '''serious' by Cal/OSHA, meaning they created a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm.

The conditions at Marina and Bonus Car Wash are all too common in the carwash industry. Carwash workers and their community allies, like ACLU of Southern California, have joined in a coalition to try and improve conditions in Los Angeles. To find out how you can support the carwash workers' struggle for justice in Santa Monica and in carwashes across Los Angeles, please contact Betsy Estudillo at the CLEAN Carwash Campaign at 213-422-7833 or email us. Be sure to visit our website for more information.